Office Furniture & its Carbon Footprint

Section 3: Tips for Reusing and Refurbishing Office Furniture

3.1 Assessing and planning

• Evaluate the condition of your current office furniture to determine what can be reused or refurbished.
• Develop a plan for refurbishing and updating your office furniture to maximise its potential.

3.2 Choosing sustainable materials

• When refurbishing office furniture, opt for sustainable, eco-friendly materials and finishes.
• Look for non-toxic, low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints, stains, and adhesives to minimise indoor air pollution and promote a healthier work environment.

3.3 Partnering with professionals

• Collaborate with office furniture refurbishing experts to ensure that your furniture is given a new life in the most sustainable way possible.
• These professionals have the knowledge, skills, and equipment to properly refurbish and update your office furniture.

The carbon footprint of office furniture is an important aspect of overall environmental impact. By reusing and refurbishing office furniture, businesses can reduce their carbon emissions, conserve resources, and save money. Implementing sustainable practices in the workplace is not only good for the planet, but it also contributes to a more positive and productive work environment.

The above estimates are synthesised from multiple reputable sources and methodologies in the field of life cycle assessment (LCA) and embodied carbon studies, including: Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) Database (University of Bath), Carbon Trust Reports and Guidelines, Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), Academic and Industry LCA Studies, Industry Benchmarks and Sustainability Guidelines

Explanation

• New Production Intensity:
  Each new product is built from the ground up, requiring raw material extraction (wood, metal, plastic, textiles), intensive processing (e.g. smelting, milling, cutting, moulding), assembly, and finishing. These steps involve significant energy usage, particularly where high-temperature processes or precision manufacturing is involved.

• Refurbishment Process:
  In contrast, refurbishment typically limits itself to deep cleaning and minor additional steps (such as resizing, powder coating or selective new upholstery). This reuse of the existing product structure avoids the most energy-intensive stages of manufacturing.

• Reduction Impact:
  The table clearly illustrates that while new production involves a full cycle of high-energy processes, refurbishment—especially when limited to deep cleaning—can reduce the embodied carbon by up to 75–80% in many cases.

Key Insights

• High Energy Intensity of New Production:
  New production involves a full manufacturing cycle that begins with raw material extraction and extends through energy-intensive processes such as smelting, milling, cutting, moulding, precision machining, and full upholstery production. For example, creating a new armchair or sofa requires manufacturing entirely new frames, cushioning, and coverings, which are resource‐ and energy‐intensive.



• Streamlined Refurbishment Processes:
  In contrast, refurbishment limits the intervention to activities like deep cleaning, selective resizing, powder coating, or minimal new upholstery—only where absolutely necessary. By reusing the bulk of the original product’s components (e.g. structural frames or processed timber), refurbishment bypasses many of the high-energy steps found in new production.

• Substantial Carbon Footprint Reductions:
  The detailed table demonstrates that for products requiring only a deep clean (such as wooden or metal pedestals, bookcases, cupboards, and filing cabinets), the embodied carbon can be reduced by up to 75–80%. Even for items that require additional processes—such as new upholstery or resizing—the savings remain significant, typically ranging between 30–50%.

• Environmental Benefits of Reuse:
  By avoiding the need for complete re-manufacture, refurbishment not only conserves resources but also drastically lowers the associated carbon emissions. This makes refurbishment a far more sustainable option, especially in sectors where furniture turnover is high and material efficiency is paramount.

• Product-Specific Variability:
  The new production process is particularly intensive for items like sofas and workstations, where the volume of materials and the complexity of assembly are greater. In these cases, refurbishment still offers meaningful reductions, though the percentage savings are somewhat lower compared to simpler products.

Data Sources and Methodologies

The above estimates are synthesised from multiple reputable sources and methodologies in the field of life cycle assessment (LCA) and embodied carbon studies, including:

• Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) Database (University of Bath):
  This database provides detailed life cycle inventory data for a range of materials and products, serving as a baseline for many LCA studies in the built environment.

• Carbon Trust Reports and Guidelines:
  The Carbon Trust has published numerous documents that detail methodologies for assessing the embodied carbon of products. Their reports help in benchmarking the carbon impacts of both new production and refurbishment.

• Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs):
  Many manufacturers produce EPDs that detail the environmental impacts—including embodied carbon—of their products over the full life cycle, providing product-specific insights.

• Academic and Industry LCA Studies:
  Peer-reviewed research (for example, studies published in the Journal of Cleaner Production) has compared the carbon impacts of new versus refurbished furniture, forming the basis for the indicative percentage reductions noted here.

• Industry Benchmarks and Sustainability Guidelines:
  Various industry bodies publish benchmark data and best practices for assessing embodied carbon. These sources inform the comparative modelling of refurbishment processes versus complete new manufacturing.

These estimates are not exact measurements for every case but rather ballpark figures based on an aggregation of data from the sources above. Actual embodied carbon can vary depending on design specifics, material choices (such as sustainably sourced timber or recycled steel), production efficiencies, and the precise refurbishment processes employed. For detailed, product-specific analysis, a full life cycle assessment (LCA) using actual manufacturing and refurbishment data would be necessary.

This synthesis provides a general overview of the typical carbon savings achievable through refurbishment compared to new production.

Section 4: Office Furniture Material Recycling

4.1 Light Iron Recycling

The recycling of light iron, which is often a term for thin-gauge steel, can result in significant energy savings and therefore carbon emissions reductions when compared to producing steel from raw materials. The carbon savings from recycling steel come from a few different areas:

Energy Savings: The energy required to melt and reuse scrap steel is much less than the energy needed to produce steel from iron ore. Recycling steel uses about 60-74% less energy compared to producing steel from virgin materials.

Reduction of Carbon Emissions: Using less energy means that fewer fossil fuels are burned, which directly leads to lower carbon emissions.

Resource Conservation: Recycling steel conserves the raw materials (iron ore, coal, and limestone) that would otherwise be used to make new steel. This in turn reduces the carbon footprint associated with extracting, transporting, and processing these materials.

The exact figure for carbon savings can vary based on several factors, including the efficiency of the recycling process and the type of energy used. According to some estimates, recycling a ton of steel can save around 1.8 tons of iron ore, 0.6 tons of coal, and 0.05 tons of limestone. The CO2 savings are typically estimated at about 1.3 kilograms of CO2 per kilogram of recycled steel.

Using this rough estimate, recycling 1 kilogram of light iron could save around 1.3 kilograms of CO2. So, for example:

• Recycling 100 kg of light iron could save around 130 kg of CO2.
• Recycling 1 ton (1,000 kg) of light iron could save around 1,300 kg (1.3 metric tons) of CO2.

These figures are approximations and can change based on technology, the mix of energy sources used in the recycling process (e.g., the amount of renewable energy), and the specific processes at the recycling facility. Additionally, the carbon benefits of recycling can also depend on the transportation and collection efficiencies, since moving the scrap metal to recycling facilities also consumes energy.

4.2 Polypropelene (PP) & polyamide (PA6GF)

Recycling plastics like polypropylene (PP) and polyamide 6 with glass fiber (PA6GF) also conserves resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to the production of virgin plastics. The specific amount of CO2 saved can vary depending on the recycling method, the efficiency of the recycling process, and the source of energy used in the process.

For polypropylene (PP), estimates for CO2 savings from recycling can vary widely, but to give a rough idea:

• The production of virgin PP can emit between 1.7 to 3.5 kg of CO2 per kg of plastic.
• Recycling PP can potentially reduce these emissions by up to 80-90%.
• Using the higher end of the emissions range for virgin production (3.5 kg CO2 per kg PP), an 80% reduction would mean savings of 2.8 kg of CO2 for every kg of PP recycled (3.5 kg x 0.8 = 2.8 kg).

For polyamide 6 with glass fibre (PA6GF), the calculations are more complex due to the additional processes involved in handling the glass fibre component. However, the principle remains that recycling this material is generally less energy-intensive than producing virgin PA6GF. The exact CO2 savings would depend on many specific factors, including the efficiency of separating the glass fibre from the polymer, the quality of the recycled material, and the subsequent applications.

There is less data readily available for the specific CO2 savings from recycling PA6GF, but considering that glass fibre reinforced plastics often require more energy to produce, the savings are likely to be significant as well, possibly in a similar range to or higher than PP when considering the full life cycle of the material.

For more precise data, you would need to refer to life cycle assessments (LCAs) for these specific materials, which take into account all stages of the product's life - from production through to disposal - to determine the total carbon footprint and potential savings from recycling. Manufacturers of these plastics may also provide specific data based on their proprietary recycling processes.

4.3 Melamine Faced Chipboard Recycling

Melamine-faced chipboard, often used in furniture and cabinetry, is composed of wood chips bonded with a melamine resin, which is a type of plastic. Recycling or repurposing it is more challenging than recycling untreated wood due to the resin content. However, when melamine-faced chipboard is recycled as biofuel — usually in waste-to-energy plants — it can offset the use of fossil fuels, leading to savings in carbon emissions.

The carbon savings from using melamine-faced chipboard as biofuel would come from two main areas:

Displacement of Fossil Fuels: When used as biofuel, the chipboard's energy content displaces that of the fossil fuels it replaces. Wood products are considered to be carbon-neutral over their lifecycle, assuming that the carbon released during combustion is offset by the carbon absorbed by replacement tree growth. The resin component, being a fossil-based material, would not be carbon-neutral, but it would still potentially offset fossil fuel use.

Avoided Methane Emissions: If the melamine-faced chipboard were to end up in a landfill, it could decompose anaerobically and produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By recycling it as biofuel instead, these methane emissions are avoided.

The exact carbon savings would depend on several factors, including:

• The efficiency of the waste-to-energy process.
• The type and efficiency of the fossil fuel being displaced (coal, natural gas, etc.).
• The carbon content and energy yield of the chipboard.

A general estimate for wood as biofuel suggests that 1 ton (1,000 kg) of dry wood used as fuel can displace around 0.8 to 1.1 tons of CO2 emissions that would have resulted from coal. Since melamine-faced chipboard is not entirely wood (due to the resin content), its energy content and carbon displacement per ton would be slightly less than that of pure wood.

For a more accurate assessment of the carbon savings from recycling melamine-faced chipboard as biofuel, you would need to know the specific energy content of the chipboard, the proportion of melamine resin to wood, and the type of fossil fuel being displaced. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) tailored to the particular waste-to-energy facility and the specific type of chipboard being processed would provide the most precise figures.

4.4 General Waste or Refuse-derived fuel

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is created from various types of waste that are not suitable for traditional recycling, including non-recyclable plastics, paper, cardboard, and wood. The waste is shredded, dehydrated, and sometimes pelletised or fluffed to improve its consistency and burning properties. RDF is used as a replacement for fossil fuels in power generation and in industrial processes such as cement kilns.

The CO2 emissions savings from using RDF depend on several factors:

Composition of the RDF: Since RDF is made from a mixture of waste materials, its composition can significantly affect its energy content and the emissions associated with its combustion. Materials with a higher plastic content, for instance, will generally have a higher energy content and might produce more CO2 when burned compared to materials with a higher proportion of biogenic (plant-based) content.

Type of Fossil Fuel Displaced: The CO2 savings will also depend on which fossil fuel the RDF is replacing. For instance, natural gas has a lower carbon content per unit of energy compared to coal. Displacing coal will generally result in higher CO2 emissions savings.

Energy Efficiency of the Process: The efficiency of the energy recovery process impacts the net CO2 savings. Modern, high-efficiency incinerators that capture the energy generated for electricity or heat are more beneficial in terms of CO2 savings.

Carbon Neutrality of Biogenic Content: The plant-based portion of RDF is often considered carbon-neutral because the carbon released during its combustion was recently captured from the atmosphere during the plants' growth, assuming that more biomass is grown to replace it.

Considering these factors, general estimates suggest the following:

Coal Replacement: Burning RDF instead of coal can save between 0.8 to 1.1 tons of CO2 per ton of RDF used because coal has higher carbon emissions per unit of energy produced.

Natural Gas Replacement: Natural gas has lower carbon emissions per unit of energy, so using RDF in place of natural gas would result in lower CO2 savings.

In Europe, where RDF use is more common, the average CO2 emissions savings are estimated to be around 0.5 to 0.8 kg of CO2 per kg of RDF used when replacing coal. This is a broad estimate and actual savings could vary based on the specific conditions mentioned above.

It's important to note that while RDF can save on CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels, there are other environmental considerations such as the potential release of pollutants and the need for effective emissions control systems to minimise any harmful impacts from combustion.

Coggin Sustainable Office Solutions is a leading provider of sustainable office furnishing services in the UK. Our mission is to support businesses in reducing their carbon footprint by providing eco-friendly alternatives to traditional office furniture acquisition and disposal methods. We specialise in refurbishing office furniture, reupholstering office seating, resizing office desks, and offering zero landfill office clearance services. By partnering with Coggin Sustainable Office Solutions, businesses can create greener office environments while receiving value back from their existing assets.

Section 5: Coggin Sustainable Office Solutions

5.1 Refurbished Office Furniture

• We offer a wide range of high-quality, pre-owned office furniture that has been professionally refurbished to extend its lifespan.
• Our refurbished office furniture provides a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to purchasing new items, enabling businesses to reduce their carbon footprint and save money.

5.2 Office Seating Refurbishment

• Our expert team can reupholster and replace worn components in your existing office seating, giving them a fresh new look and feel.
• This service not only reduces waste but also offers an opportunity to customise the appearance of your office furniture to match your brand and style.

5.3 Office Desk Resizing Service

• As businesses grow and change, their office space needs may evolve as well. Our desk resizing service allows you to modify your existing desks to fit new layouts or accommodate more employees.
• This service eliminates the need to purchase new desks, reducing waste and contributing to a more sustainable office environment.

5.4 Zero Landfill Office Clearance Service

• Our zero landfill office clearance service ensures that your unwanted office furniture is disposed of responsibly, with no items sent to landfill sites.
• We offer a rebate system for the furniture we can sell on, giving businesses an opportunity to recoup some of the value from their old furniture.
• For items that are not fit for reuse, we break them down into their base materials, which are then recycled to the highest possible standard, further enhancing our commitment to sustainability.
• Our zero landfill office clearance service ensures that your unwanted office furniture is disposed of responsibly, with no items sent to landfill sites.
• We offer a rebate system for the furniture we can sell on, giving businesses an opportunity to recoup some of the value from their old furniture.
• For items that are not fit for reuse, we break them down into their base materials, which are then recycled to the highest possible standard, further enhancing our commitment to sustainability.
• In addition to our recycling efforts, we proudly support local charities by donating cleared office furniture that is still in good condition. This initiative not only diverts furniture from landfills but also provides valuable resources to community organisations in need.
• By partnering with local charities, we are able to extend the life of office furniture while giving back to the communities we serve. This collaboration strengthens our mission to create a more sustainable and socially responsible office environment.

Coggin Sustainable Office Solutions is dedicated to helping businesses across the UK reduce their carbon footprint and promote eco-friendly office practices. Our range of services, including refurbished office furniture, office seating refurbishment, office desk resizing, and zero landfill office clearance, provide cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to traditional office furnishing methods. By choosing Coggin Sustainable Office Solutions, businesses can create more sustainable work environments, contribute to a greener future, and receive value back from their existing office assets.

Circular Economy in Office Furniture: A Journey of Sustainable Reuse and Remanufacturing

The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended. Here is a list of key terms and their explanations:

• Circular Economy: An economic system aimed at minimising waste and making the most of resources. This model emphasises reusing, sharing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible.

• Cradle to Gate: This is an assessment of a partial product lifecycle from resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate (before it is transported to the consumer). It excludes the use and disposal phases of the product. This term is often used in lifecycle assessment (LCA) methodologies where the environmental impact is measured up until the product leaves the place of manufacture.

• Gate to Gate: This is a term used in lifecycle assessment that refers to an analysis of the production process at a single manufacturing site, from the point of raw material delivery to the point where the finished product leaves the factory.

• Cradle to Cradle (C2C): Often confused with cradle to gate, cradle to cradle is a sustainable business strategy that mimics the regenerative cycle of nature in which waste is reused and ideally increases the health of ecosystems.

• Design for Disassembly (DfD): This concept refers to the design of products so that the components can be easily and non-destructively disassembled for repair, refurbishment, or recycling at the end of the product's life.

• Design for Recycling (DfR): This principle involves designing products with the end-of-life phase in mind, to facilitate material recovery and recycling.

• Circular Supply Chain: A supply chain model that incorporates circular economy principles, prioritising the use of renewable energy, reducing waste through design, and aiming for the reuse of products and materials.

• Closed Loop Recycling: A process where a product is recycled back into the same product or for the same purpose, without significant degradation of material quality.

• Downcycling: Recycling process where materials are converted into new materials of lesser quality and reduced functionality.

• Upcycling: The process of transforming by-products, waste materials, or unwanted products into new materials or products of better quality and environmental value.

• Resource Recovery: The process of extracting useful materials or energy from waste, which can then be reprocessed and used in the production of new products.

• Industrial Symbiosis: Engaging traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving the physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products.

• Product-as-a-Service (PaaS): A business model where customers pay for the service a product provides rather than the product itself, which remains the property of the provider. This model incentivises companies to create durable products and to reuse, refurbish, or recycle them.

• Lifecycle Assessment (LCA): A technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases.

• Regenerative Design: Design that goes beyond reducing impact and aims to actively improve the environment through positive contributions, restoring and regenerating natural systems.

• Biomimicry: The design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modelled on biological entities and processes.

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): A strategy designed to promote the integration of environmental costs associated with goods throughout their life cycles into the market price of the products, with the producer being responsible for the entire lifecycle, especially for take-back, recycling, and final disposal.

• Zero Waste: A philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused, and no trash is sent to landfills or incinerators.

• Material Flow Analysis (MFA): An analytical method to quantify flows and stocks of materials within a system defined in space and time.

• Eco-design: The practice of designing products with special consideration for the environmental impacts of the product during its whole lifecycle.

• Green Economy: An economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.

• Remanufacturing: The process of restoring used products to a 'like-new' functional state with warranty to match, often using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.

• Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

• Product Life Extension: Strategies in the design and use phases that seek to extend the lifetime of products and assets. This can be achieved through repair, maintenance, upgrade, and remanufacture.

• Design for Degradation: Products designed in such a way that their components can biodegrade safely and efficiently at the end of their lifecycle, without leaving harmful residues.

• Biodegradable Materials: Materials that can be broken down and decomposed into base elements by microorganisms, often without any pollution.

• Composting: A natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a valuable fertiliser that can enrich soil and plants.

• Circular Metrics: Measurements used to assess how efficient a product or company is in the context of the circular economy. These metrics could assess the percentage of recyclable material in a product, the durability of the product, or the efficiency of the product's take-back program.

• Energy Recovery: The process of converting non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolisation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery.

• Take-back System: A system where the product manufacturer takes back the used product from customers. The product is then reused, refurbished, remanufactured, or recycled.

• Life Cycle Costing (LCC): An analysis technique to determine the total cost of ownership. It takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning, and disposing of a building or building system.

• Natural Capital: The world’s stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water, and all living things. It is from this capital that humans derive a wide range of services, often called ecosystem services, which make human life possible.

• Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that are not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.

• Social LCA: A social impact assessment method that integrates social aspects into the traditional life cycle assessment framework.

Understanding these terms provides a more nuanced view of the different phases of product lifecycles and the strategies for sustainability in each phase within the circular economy framework.

It was been reported by WRAP back in 2011 that over 1.2 million office chairs and 1.8 million office desks end up in UK landfills every year which is a highly concerning amount of office furniture that could be reused or recycled effectively.

The disposal of such large quantities of office furniture has multiple environmental implications:

1. Waste of Resources: Office furniture is made from various materials, including metal, plastic, wood, and textiles. The production of these materials is resource-intensive, involving the consumption of energy, water, and raw materials. When furniture is disposed of rather than reused or recycled, the embedded energy and materials are lost.
2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The decomposition of waste in landfills generates methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Furthermore, if furniture is incinerated, it releases carbon dioxide and potentially harmful pollutants.
3. Landfill Space: Space in landfills is finite. The more waste we generate that ends up in landfills, the more we have to invest in finding new landfill sites, which can be both environmentally and socially challenging.
4. Economic Impacts: The cycle of producing, using, and disposing of office furniture without considering reuse or recycling entails a linear economic model, which can be more costly in the long run due to the lost opportunity to extract value from existing materials.
5. Opportunities for Circular Economy: There is a growing recognition of the benefits of a circular economy, where products are designed for a longer life, and materials are kept in use through practices like repair, refurbishment, and recycling. This approach can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of office furniture.

Considering these factors, there is a strong argument for more sustainable practices in the management of office furniture at the end of its lifecycle. Initiatives might include:

• Design for Disassembly: Encouraging manufacturers to design furniture that can be easily disassembled for repair or recycling.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Legislation could require manufacturers to take back and recycle old furniture when customers buy new items.
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Companies could adopt policies for purchasing sustainable furniture and manage end-of-life furniture responsibly.
• Reuse and Refurbishment Programs: Creating more opportunities for furniture to be donated, sold, or refurbished for secondary use, reducing the need for new resources and energy to produce new furniture.
• Recycling Programs: Developing more robust recycling programs that can handle the complex mix of materials in office furniture.
• Awareness and Education: Raising awareness among businesses about the environmental impact of furniture waste and the benefits of sustainable waste management practices.

The figures provided by WRAP, if recent and accurate, should serve as a call to action for businesses, policymakers, and waste management professionals to develop and support initiatives that address this issue. Collaboration across sectors can lead to innovative solutions that keep office furniture out of landfills and in productive use for as long as possible.

The situation described by WRAP, with significant volumes of office furniture such as chairs and desks ending up in landfills, presents a substantial opportunity for expansion in the third-party remanufacturing and refurbishment sector. This sector can play a crucial role in a more circular economy by extending the life of office furniture. Here’s how:

1. Market Demand for Sustainable Products: There is a growing consumer and corporate demand for green products and sustainable practices. Third-party remanufactures and refurbishers can tap into this market by providing eco-friendly, remanufactured office furniture that appeals to environmentally conscious buyers.
2. Cost Savings: Remanufactured and refurbished office furniture can often be sold at a competitive price point compared to new items, offering cost savings to businesses. This can be a strong selling point, particularly for startups and small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) looking to manage costs.
3. Quality and Customisation: Remanufacturing isn’t just about making do with old; it’s about improving. Third-party remanufactures and refurbishers can offer high-quality, customised products that rival or exceed the performance and aesthetic of new furniture.
4. Legislative and Policy Support: Governments looking to reduce waste may provide incentives for businesses that purchase remanufactured and refurbished goods or for companies operating in the remanufacturing and refurbishment sector. This could lower the barriers to entry and operation.
5. Corporate Waste Reduction Targets: Many companies have ambitious waste reduction targets. Third-party remanufactures and refurbishers can partner with these companies to help them achieve their sustainability goals by offering office furniture take-back schemes and remanufacturing and refurbishment services.
6. Innovation in Remanufacturing and Refurbishment Technology: Advances in technology, such as 3D printing and modular design, can enhance the remanufacturing/refurbishing process, making it more efficient and allowing for more significant customisation options.
7. Supply Chain Opportunities: The need for collection, sorting, refurbishing, and redistribution of office furniture can create new jobs and business opportunities across the supply chain.
8. Partnerships with Manufacturers: Remanufactures and refurbishers can form partnerships with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to take back and refurbish older models when customers upgrade to new ones, ensuring a consistent supply of products to remanufacture.
9. Public Awareness Campaigns: By participating in or initiating awareness campaigns, third-party remanufactures or refurbishers can educate consumers about the value and quality of remanufactured/refurbished furniture, which can change purchasing behaviours.
10. Creating a Standard for Remanufactured and Refurbished Office Furniture: Establishing a widely recognised standard or certification for remanufactured or refurbished office furniture can assure customers of the quality and sustainability of the products, similar to the role of certifications in organic food or fair-trade products.
11. Exploiting Online Platforms: Utilising e-commerce and online platforms to sell remanufactured or refurbished office furniture can broaden market reach and make sustainable furniture more accessible to a wider audience.

By seizing these opportunities, third-party remanufactures and refurbishers can significantly reduce the environmental impact of office furniture waste, support the transition to a more circular economy, and build a robust market for sustainable office furniture solutions.